FBISE SSC Part-II (Class 10) Physics Chapter 10 Complete Notes
New Book 2025-2026 | National Book Foundation (NBF)
Best Preparation for FBISE Annual Exams 2026
Assalam-o-Alaikum dear students! Welcome to HSA Notes – your trusted source for FBISE Class 10 Physics notes (new book 2025-2026). This page provides complete solved exercises
of Chapter 10: Heat Capacity and Modes of Heat Transfer including:
- All MCQs with correct answers & detailed explanations
- Constructed response questions
- Short response questions
- Long response questions
- Numerical problems (fully solved step-by-step)
These notes are 100% aligned with the latest FBISE curriculum 2022-23 (applicable for 2026 exams) and SLO-based pattern.
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Chapter 10 Quick Overview
- Topics Covered: Heat capacity, specific heat, conduction, convection, radiation, greenhouse effect, global warming, tectonic plates movement.
- Important for Exams: MCQs (12 marks), short questions (heat transfer modes), long questions (greenhouse effect, core temperature), numericals (specific heat calculations).
Solved MCQs – Section A (Chapter 10)
| Q# | Question | Correct Option | Detailed Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Why is water used in radiators of automobile as coolant? | C – It has large specific heat | Water absorbs large heat with small temperature rise → excellent coolant for engines. |
| 2 | Best example of conduction? | A – Metal spoon in boiling water | Heat transfers directly through solid material without bulk movement. |
| 3 | Dominant heat transfer near fire (hand not touching)? | C – Radiation and convection | Radiation (EM waves) + convection (hot air rising); no conduction (no contact). |
| 4 | Symbol & unit of heat capacity? | A – J°C⁻¹ (or J/K) | Heat capacity C = Q/ΔT → unit: energy per degree (J/°C or J/K). |
| 5 | Same heat to equal masses of water & copper → copper heats faster? | A – Copper has lower specific heat | Copper needs less energy to raise temperature (low c) → faster heating. |
| 6 | Heat transfer due to density difference in fluids? | C – Convection | Hot fluid rises, cold sinks → density-driven circulation. |
| 7 | Why Earth hotter than Moon from same Sun distance? | B – Earth has greenhouse gases | Atmosphere traps infrared radiation → greenhouse effect (Moon has none). |
| 8 | Best radiator of heat? | A – Dull black surface | Good absorber = good emitter (Kirchhoff’s law). |
| 9 | Enhanced greenhouse effect contributes to global warming by? | B – Trapping more heat in atmosphere | Human-added GHGs trap extra infrared → rising temperatures. |
| 10 | Primary force behind tectonic plate movement? | C – Mantle convection currents | Core heat drives mantle flow → drags plates. |
| 11 | Layer of partially molten rock that flows slowly? | B – Asthenosphere | Plastic/ductile layer allows plate movement. |
| 12 | Extreme weather most linked to rising sea levels? | C – Hurricanes | Higher baseline water + stronger storms → worse coastal flooding. |
Constructed Response Questions (Solved)
Q1.
(a) How do increased temperatures lead to more frequent heatwaves in cities?
Increased global temperatures raise baseline → extreme heat more likely. Cities amplify via Urban Heat Island effect (concrete/asphalt absorb & re-radiate heat → less cooling at night).
(b) Future hurricane intensity if temperatures rise?
Warmer oceans provide more energy → stronger winds, heavier rainfall → more destructive storms & flooding.
(c) Common between greenhouse roof & CO₂ in atmosphere?
Both transparent to visible light (incoming solar) but opaque to infrared (outgoing heat) → trap heat (greenhouse effect).
Q2. (Graph-based – heating iron vs water)
(a) Create line graphs (Time vs Temperature) – iron line steeper.
(b) Which heats quickly? Iron (40°C rise vs water 5°C in 60 min).
(c) Which cools slower? Water (high specific heat → slow temperature change).
(d) Iron pot or water heats faster on stove? Iron pot (low specific heat → rapid temperature rise).
Short Response Questions (Solved)
- Dark clothes in winter, white in summer?
Dark → good absorber → warmer in winter. White → good reflector → cooler in summer. - Warm water reaches top floor without pump?
Convection – heated water rises (less dense), cold sinks → natural circulation. - More heat from wood fire – 1m above or 1m front?
1m above – radiation + convection (hot air rises). - Crowded cities hotter than outskirts?
Urban Heat Island: concrete absorbs heat, less vegetation, vehicle/AC heat, pollution traps warmth. - Metal handle colder than wood?
Metal → better conductor → rapid heat flow from hand → feels colder. - Trees reduce climate change?
Absorb CO₂ (carbon sink) via photosynthesis. Deforestation releases stored CO₂ → accelerates warming. - Gravity & Earth’s core temperature?
Accretion (impact heat) + differentiation (friction from sinking heavy elements). - Why some gases trap more heat?
Complex molecules (CO₂, CH₄) absorb wider infrared wavelengths → greenhouse gases. - Geothermal energy environmental impacts?
Land instability, water contamination, minor gas release (CO₂, H₂S). - Specific heat in cookware?
Low c (aluminum) → quick heating. High c (cast iron) → even, slow cooking. - 1 kg steam releases more energy than 1 kg hot water cooling?
Steam releases latent heat of vaporization + sensible heat → total more energy.
Long Response Questions (Detailed Outlines)
1. Specific heat capacity concept & water applications
Define c = heat to raise 1 kg by 1°C. Water c = 4186 J/kg°C (very high).
Applications: car coolant, climate moderator (oceans), body temperature stabilizer, industrial cooling.
2. Conduction & kinetic theory in solids
Heat transfer without bulk motion. Kinetic theory: vibrating atoms transfer energy via collisions. Metals better due to free electrons (fast energy transfer).
3. Convection analysis + examples
Bulk fluid movement due to density difference. Examples: room heaters, boiling water, sea breezes, AC cooling.
4. Radiation process & fastest transfer
EM waves (no medium). Fastest (speed of light). Factors: T⁴ (Stefan-Boltzmann), surface area, emissivity (black dull best).
5. Greenhouse gases & global warming effects
GHGs trap IR → enhanced effect. Links to intense hurricanes, heatwaves, flooding, droughts.
6. Earth’s core extreme temperature after 4 billion years
Primordial heat (accretion + differentiation) + radiogenic heat (radioactive decay) + insulation by mantle/crust.
7. Tectonic plates formation & movement
Fragments of lithosphere. Movement by mantle convection, ridge push, slab pull. Effects: earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, ocean basins.
Numericals – Solved Step-by-Step
- Specific heat water 4180 J/kg·K → J/g·°C?
4180 / 1000 = 4.18 J/g·°C - Heat to 25 kg water by 50°C?
Q = mcΔT = 25 × 4180 × 50 = 5.225 MJ - 0.5 kg metal, 19 kJ raises 50°C? c = ?
c = Q / (mΔT) = 19000 / (0.5 × 50) = 760 J/kg·K - 5 L water, 8.4 MJ heat? ΔT = ?
m = 5 kg, c = 4200 → ΔT = 8,400,000 / (5 × 4200) = 400°C (theoretical) - 100 g water 80°C + 200 g 20°C? Final T?
100(80 – T) = 200(T – 20) → T = 40°C - 200 g solid + water + calorimeter → cs = 890 J/kg·K
- Hot steel rod 3 kg 450°C to 50°C? Q = ?
Q = 3 × 460 × 400 = 552 kJ
Best of luck for FBISE Class 10 Physics 2026 exams!
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